The Effect Of Physiologic Stress On The Immune System

There is a huge impact on the immune system when stress occurs. Physiologic stress is a chemical or physical disturbance produced by change in the external environment or within the body that brings out a response to offset that disturbance. Three components of physiologic stress include the exogenous or endogenous stressor initiating the disturbance, the chemical or physical disturbance produced by stressor and the body’s counteracting adaptation response to disturbance. Stressors include pain, trauma, and malnutrition along with responses from experiences in life like anxiety and fear that induce times of stress. When the human body becomes stressed it uses physiological responses to prepare body to deal with stressors in order to†¦show more content†¦Cancers are caused by environmental lifestyle and genetic factors. One environmental risk for cancer is chemicals and occupational hazards as Carcinogens. Exposure to chemicals occurs everyday and is present in air, soil, food, water, household products, toys, personal care products, workplaces and homes. There have been a significant percentage of cancers in the upper respiratory passages, lungs and bladder. The manufactures of dyes, rubber, paint, and aromatic amines like B-naphthylamine and benzidine, have been linked with carcinoma of the bladder. Benzol inhalation is linked to leukemia in shoemakers or workers that are around rubber cement, explosives and dyeing industries. Air pollution is Carcinogenic, which puts everyone in the environment at risk for cancer especially those that live near these certain industries. Another environmental factor is Radon which is a natural radioactive gas resulting from radioactive decay of uranium in rock and soil. It can get trapped in houses and form radioactive decay products that are carcinogenic people. Bronchogenic is the most common form of lung cancer that’s associated with radon. Underground miners risk is increased for lung cancer since exposed to more radon even if they don’t smoke. Houses can get tested and modified to prevent any more radon contamination. Cancer can also put a person at risk if

What Are Vampires How Has Our Perceptions Of Vampires

What are vampires? How has our perceptions of vampires changed throughout centuries? Well there are many myths out in the whole world of vampires. Vampires are creatures that are dead yet still walk among the living; all vampires have fangs, they are afraid of the sunlight, they can shape-shift and they drink the blood of their victims. People say vampires are human corpses that return from the grave to harm living and others say they are not humans at all that vampires are supernatural, demonic creatures and not human form. What is evil? Evil is what is morally wrong, sinful, or wicked. Vampires can be categorized as evil as said in the article â€Å"What’s Evil, Anyway?† by Cole Bowman. Vampires consume blood to survive without taking in mind†¦show more content†¦Dracula has been described in many ways as a young man or even as an old grumpy man. In this book, Bram Stoker described Dracula by stating, â€Å"Within, stood all man, clean shaven save for a long white moustache, and clad in black from head to foot, without a single speck of colour about him anywhere†. He described a man who looked neat and clean but with no color as in he looked pale. As we get to know more of Dracula’s appearance in this novel he seems more unique and not so much like a human. (Stoker 160). The writer also stated, â€Å"His face was a strong-a very strong-aquiline, with high bridge of the thin nose and peculiarly arched nostrils.... cruel-looking, with peculiarly sharp white teeth†. (Stoker 18). Back in the old centuries people really did not know how vampires looked but now in modern days as we hear the word vampires we imagine a man dressed in black with pale skin and sharp teeth. Count Dracula was seen an evil creature who bit people and took their soul. What is the description of a perfect man? A perfect man is someone who cares about his love one and protects his more precious person in the world. In the book â€Å"Twilight† Edward Cullen can be described as a perfect man by Bella. When Bella and Edward met, she did not know who he really was. They both had a connection towards each other, they were attracted toShow MoreRelatedComparison Between Dracula by Bram Stroker and Twilight by Stephen Meyeres975 Words   |  4 PagesThe legend of the vampire has emerged countless times within human imagination over the past few centuries. The first available representation of the mythical creature in prose fiction can be found in John Polidori’s â€Å"The Vampyre† (1810). It was not until eight decades later that Bram Stoker popularized the existence of this figure with the publication of â€Å"Dracula† in 1897. The folklore of the vampire has come a long way since and can be found in today’s popular media more frequently than ever beforeRead MoreVampires : Myth And Metaphors Of Enduring Evil, By Bram Stoker1307 Words   |  6 Pagesperfect Victorian while being able to express oneself sexually without shame. In other words, many women had sexual desires, but could not express them because of the society’s standard of women. To support this, Lois Drawmer wrote in his article, â€Å"Vampires: Myth and Metaphors of Enduring Evil†, â€Å"development of the womens movement received a backlash in the resurgence of reactionary ideology of â€Å"deviant† female sexuality† (Drawmer 1). Feminism was frowned upon because of the social and sexual standardsRead MoreA Social Realism Film Written By John Ajvide Lindqvist And Directed By Tomas Alfredson1560 Words   |  7 Pagesdepicted from the sexual and violent behaviour that society generally considers abnormal, the source of the horror of monstrosity in vampire films usually comes from the monster itself. In contrast, Let the Right One In (2008), a social realism film written by John Ajvide Lindqvist and directed by Tomas Alfredson, presents an intertwined storyline of coming-of-age and vampire horror(Oskar and Eli respectively) in which during the course of the film not only we as the viewer will ambivalently sympathiseRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Octavia Butler s Fledgling1253 Words   |  6 PagesBy making use of the clichà © vampire tales and transforming them into a unique fictional novel, Octavia Butler’s Fledgling takes the reader into a different world in which pleasure, hatred and persistence are combined to solve the mysterious life-threatening puzzle of a genetically modified vampire. Fledgling is a novel that exposes the ignorance hatred can create and the strength survival can generate. Nonetheless, Fledgling, like many other books, has its downfalls and confusions. Butler’s lastRead MoreFilm Adaptation Of Bram Stoker s Dracula1320 Words   |  6 PagesBram Stoker’s frightening tale of Count Dracula has struck horror into the hearts of many since it was originally penned. In 1987, Bram Stoker wrote the revolutionary tale Dracula that played off the fears of the people of the era. The plot and characters that make the novel great also translate nearly perfectly to cinematic adaptations. Starting in the early 1900’s, directors have done their best to portray the terror that the original novel inspired. Francis Ford Coppola’s Bram Stoker’s DraculaRead MoreTelevision Impact On The Television Industry927 Words   |  4 Pageswestern cultures the hours spent watching television has drastically increased with the television market opens up the potential of more variety. This escalation of television attraction has affected the way young people interact with each other. Television has transformed the concepts of identity and commonalities among peers. To understand whether this transformation is a good or bad, a study was done looking at the effects watching one show has on a group of people. The study included five peopleRead MoreAn Accurate Representation Of History1503 Words   |  7 Pag escompared to other subjects. Historians and novelist both spend a lot of time doing research in order to accurately write about history. It is very important for historians to gather accurate information from multiple sides of a historical event to be sure what they are writing about is true. Historians and novelist can’t just repeat the process or redo an experiment to prove that it is correct. If a historian only writes from one perspective it will be slandered. In order to portray an accurate representationRead MoreAnalysis of I Am Legend Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pagesperson. What is observed as good from one may be the damning pathway to hell for another. Many times these beliefs are instilled upon us at a very early age which can result with a twisted outlook on life that we had little to no control over. As we grow older we are than further influenced through our religion (or lack of), culture, and passed experiences. With that in mind, it is easy to see that r eality can be just as interchangeable and further raises the difficult question of what is realRead MoreDracula, By Bram Stoker1148 Words   |  5 Pagesthere’s one theory in particular that I found the most interesting to apply. I used the theory of deconstructuralism to critically analyze Dracula, and to help break down the story into particular meanings and themes that can contradict the typical perceptions and first impressions of the novel. To better help complement my analysis, I read and analyzed another popular article by John Paul Riquelme, titled â€Å"Doubling and Repetition/Realism and Closure in Dracula†. As his title suggests, Riquelme touchesRead MoreFear Of Fear In The Novel By Bram Stoker1347 Words   |  6 PagesDating back all the way to the late eighteen hundreds, fear itself and fear of the unknown has been a major concept in a person’s life. In the novel Dracula, written by Bram Stoker, Stoker introduces the first idea of fear of the unkn own through an encounter with a mysterious being. This horror fiction genre conveys the theme of fear within an individual. The welcoming of the unknown is often accepted, producing individuals to experience fear in different ways. Within the process of writing the

Repeat purchasers Free Essays

The legal environment of foreign marketing takes an added dimension of importance since there is no single uniform commercial law which governs foreign business transactions. † – Comment. International marketers must be aware of the legal environments that they operate in. We will write a custom essay sample on Repeat purchasers or any similar topic only for you Order Now As there is no uniform international law regarding business transactions, companies can find themselves wasting money or in legal issues if they do not operate according to the laws in the specific countries they are in. The customs, politics, and geography vary greatly from country to country and are affected by the gal environment. It is extremely important that international markers are aware of this added dimension and are prepared. No single, uniform international commercial law governs foreign business transactions. The foundation of a legal system Profoundly affects how the law is written, interpreted, and adjudicated Laws governing business activities within and between countries An integral part of the legal environment of international business . Four heritages form the basis for the majority of the legal systems of the world Common law, Civil or code law, Islamic law, and Marxist-socialist tenets Common law Derived from English law. England, U. S. , Canada and countries who were once under the English influence. Seeks interpretation through the past decisions of higher courts which interpret the same statues. Applies established and customary law principles to a similar set of facts Civil or Code law derived from Roman law. Germany, Japan, France and non-lilacs and non-Marxist countries. All-inclusive system of written rules (codes) of law: Legal system is generally divided into three separate codes 1 . ) Commercial 2. ) Civil 3. ) Criminal Ownership is determined by registration. Considered complete as a result of catchall revisions found in most code-law systems Islamic law Places emphasis on the ethical, moral, social, and religious dimensions to enhance equality and fairness for the good of society. The basis is the interpretation of the Koran. Islamic law defines a complete system that prescribes specific patterns of social and economic behavior for all individuals: 1 . ) Property rights 2. ) Economic decision making 3. ) Types of economic freedom Islamic law This system prohibits investment in a business dealing with Alcohol, gambling and casinos In order to comply with Islamic Law following are terms that are frequently use: Trade with markup or cost-plus sale and leasing. These practices enable borrowers and lenders to share in the rewards as well as the losses in an equitable fashion. The international marketer must know the religion’s system of belief and understand how the law is interpreted in each region Marxist-socialist Tenets of Russia and the Republics of the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China. Legal system centered on the economic, political and social policies of the state. Now more directly involved in trade with non-Marxist countries Differences among the 4 law systems Due process may vary. Individual interpretation may vary Fundamentalist interpretation of Islamic law. Combination of several legal systems. U. S. Sees both common and code law Marxist-socialist tenets strictly subordinate to prevailing economics conditions. Private ownership, contracts, due process and other legal mechanisms need to be developed. Russia and China differ because Each has taken a different direction in its political economic growth. Russia is moving toward a Democratic System. China is trying to activate a private sector within a mixed economy in a soci alist legal framework Jurisdiction in International Legal Disputes No Judicial body exists to deal with legal commercial problems arising between citizens of different countries. Legal disputes can arise in three situations: 1 . ) Between governments 2. ) Between a company and a government 3. ) Between two companies Jurisdiction is generally determined on the basis of: Jurisdictional clauses included in contracts, Where a contract was entered into, Where the provisions of the contract were performed Jurisdictional Clause â€Å"That the parties hereby agree that the agreement is made in Oregon, USA, and that any question regarding this agreement shall be governed by the law of the state of Oregon, USA† Types of International Disputes Buyer refuses to pay. Product is inferior quality. Shipment arrives late Steps when a dispute arises†¦ Resolve the issue informally, Conciliation aka Mediation, Arbitration, Conciliation a nonbinding agreement between parties to resolve disputes by asking a third party to mediate differences. Sessions are private and all conferences between parties and the mediator are confidential. In all conciliation agreements An arbitration clause should be included The popularity of arbitration has led to a proliferation of orbital centers. Established by countries, organizations, and institutions. Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission. Canadian-American Commercial Arbitration Commission (for disputes between Canadian and U. S. Businesses). London Court of Arbitration (decisions are enforceable under English law and English courts). American Arbitration Association. International Chamber of Commerce (select Arbitration) Arbitration clauses require agreement on two counts 1 . To arbitrate in the case of a dispute according to the rules and procedures of some arbitration tribunal. 2. To abide by the awards resulting from the arbitration Contracts and other legal documents should include clauses specifying the use of arbitration to settle disputes Problems with Arbitration Companies may refuse to: 1 Name arbitrators 2. ) Arbitrate 3. ) After arbitration awards are made companies may refuse to honor the award 4. ) In most countries, arbitration clauses are recognized by the courts and are enforceable by law within those countries Deterrents to litigation Fear of creating a poor image and damaging public relations. Fear of unfair treatment in a foreign court. Difficulty in collecting a Judgment that may otherwise eave been collected in a mutually agreed settlement through arbitration. The relatively high cost and time required when bringing legal action. Loss of confidentiality 4 recommended steps for settling disputes Try to placate the injured party. Conciliate. Arbitrate. Litigate Companies spend millions of dollars establishing brand names or trademarks To symbolize quality and design. To entice customers Millions are spent on research To develop products, processes, designs, and formulas Lost sales from the unauthorized use of U. S. Tents, trademarks, and copyrights Amount to more than $100 billion annually Counterfeits anger from copies that have the same efficacy as the original to those with few or no active ingredients, to those made of harmful substances Inadequate Protection Failing to adequately protect intellectual property rights can lead to the legal loss of rights in potentially profitable markets A company that believes i t can always establish ownership in another country by proving it used the trademark or brand name first is wrong and risks the loss of these assets It is best to protect intellectual property rights through registration In the U. S. , a Common-law country, ownership of intellectual property rights is established by prior use versus registration International Conventions Three major aspects: Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Inter- American Convention, Madrid Arrangement All countries have laws regulating marketing activities Promotion, Product development, Labeling, Pricing, Channels of distribution Discrepancies across markets cause problems for trade negotiators – particularly for managers and their firms U. S. Does not allow the buying or selling of human organs. Some countries only have a few marketing laws with lax enforcement. Others have detailed, complicated rules that are stringently enforced 0 Advertising comparisons in advertisements are always subject to the competitor’s right to go to the courts and ask for proof of any implied or stated superiority Green marketing laws Focus on environmentally friendly products and Focus on product packaging and its effect on solid waste management Antitrust a lot of the 20th century it was Nonexistent and Not enforced in most of the world’s countries (U. S. Was exception) U. S. Laws Apply in Host Countries Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, National security laws, Antibiotics law, Extraterritoriality of U. S. Laws and Antitrust laws 0 00 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Makes it illegal for companies to pay bribes to foreign officials, candidates, or political parties 0 00 National security laws Prohibit a U. S. Company, its subsidiaries, Joint ventures, or licensees to sell controlled products without special permission from the U. S. Antibiotics law U. S. Companies are forbidden to participate in any unauthorized foreign boycott. Required to report any request to cooperate with a boycott Extraterritoriality of U. S. Laws Especially important to U. S. Multinational firms. Foreign governments fear the influence of American government policy on their economies through U. S. Multinationals What is illegal for an American business at home can also be illegal by U. S. Law in foreign Jurisdictions for the firm, subsidiaries and licensees of U. S. Technology Cybercafà © – Unresolved Issues Supersaturates (CSS), Taxes, and Jurisdiction of disputes and validity of contracts Taxes In the past, a company was deemed to have a taxable presence in a country if it had a permanent establishment there The E Commission Proposes value-added tax (VAT) Jurisdiction of disputes and validity of contracts The EX. Commission has adopted an e-commerce directive that will permit online retailers to trade by the rules of their home country unless the seller had enticed or approached the consumer by way of advertising Supersaturates buy and register descriptive nouns, geographic names, and names of ethnic groups and pharmaceutical substances, and other similar descriptors and hold them until they can be sold at an inflated price Businesses face a multitude of problems in their efforts to develop successful marketing programs Varying legal systems of the world and their effect on business orientations Legal questions must also be considered Jurisdictional and legal recourse in disputes. Protection of intellectual property rights. Extended U. S. Law enforcement Enforcement of antitrust legislation by U. S. And foreign governments Q . International marketing research and market research are Synonymous, since the research process is basically the same whether applied in USA. , U. K. , Japan or India? † Critically examine this statement. Marketing research process Stage 1: Formulating the Marketing Research Problem Formulating a problem is the first step in the research process. In many ways, research starts with a problem that management is facing. This problem needs to be understood, the cause diagnosed, and solutions developed. However, most management problems are not always easy to research. A management problem must first be translated into a research problem. Once you approach the problem from a research angle, you can find a solution. For example, â€Å"sales are not growing† is a management problem. Translated into a research problem, we may examine the expectations and experiences of several groups: potential customers, first-time buyers, and repeat purchasers. We will determine if the lack of sales is due to: ; Poor expectations that lead too general lack of desire to buy, or ; Poor performance experience and a lack of desire to repurchase. What then is the difference between a management problem and a research problem? Management problems focus on an action. Do we advertise more? Do we change our advertising message? Do we change an under-performing product configuration? If so, how? Research problems, on the other hand, focus on providing the information you need in order to solve the management problem. Stage 2: Method of Inquiry The scientific method is the standard pattern for investigation. It provides an opportunity for you to use existing knowledge as a starting point and proceed impartially. The scientific method includes the following steps: 1. Formulate a problem 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Make predictions based on the hypothesis 4. Devise a test of the hypothesis 5. Conduct the test 6. Analyze the results The terminology is similar to the stages in the research process. However, there are subtle differences in the way the steps are performed. For example, the scientific method is objective while the research process can be subjective. Objective-based research (quantitative research) relies on impartial analysis. The facts are the priority in objective research. On the other hand, subjective-based research (qualitative research) emphasizes personal Judgment as you collect and analyze data. Stage 3: Research Method In addition to selecting a method of inquiry (objective or subjective), you must select a research method. There are two primary methodologies that can be used to answer any research question: experimental research and non-experimental research. Experimental research gives you the advantage of controlling extraneous variables ND manipulating one or more variables that influences the process being implemented. Non-experimental research allows observation but not intervention. You simply observe and report on your findings. Stage 4: Research Design The research design is a plan or framework for conducting the study and collecting data. It is defined as the specific methods and procedures you use to acquire the information you need. Stage 5: Data Collection Techniques Your research design will develop as you select techniques to use. There are many ways to collect data. Two important methods to consider are interviews and observation. Interviews require you to ask questions and receive responses. Common modes of research communication include interviews conducted face-to- face, by mail, by telephone, by email, or over the Internet. This broad category of research techniques is known as survey research. These techniques are used in both non-experimental research and experimental research. Another way to collect data is by observation. Observing a person’s or company’s past or present behavior can predict future purchasing decisions. Data collection techniques for past behavior can include analyzing company records and reviewing studies published by external resources. In order to analyze information from interview or observation techniques, you must record your results. Because the recorded results are vital, measurement and development are closely linked to which data collection techniques you decide on. The way you record the data changes depends on which method you use. Stage 6: Sample Design Your marketing research project will rarely examine an entire population. It’s more practical to use a sample-?a smaller but accurate representation of the greater population. In order to design your sample, you must find answers to these questions: 1. From which base population is the sample to be selected? 2. What is the method (process) for sample selection? 3. What is the size of the sample? Once you’ve established who the relevant population is (completed in the problem formulation stage), you have a base for your sample. This will allow you to make inferences about a larger population. There are two methods of selecting a sample from a population: probability or non-probability sampling. The probability method relies on a random sampling of everyone within the larger population. Non- probability is based in part on the Judgment of the investigator, and often employs nonviolence samples, or by other sampling methods that do not rely on probability. The final stage of the sample design involves determining the appropriate sample size. This important step involves cost and accuracy decisions. Larger samples generally reduce sampling error and increase accuracy, but also increase costs. Stage 7: Data Collection Once you’ve established the first six stages, you can move on to data collection. Depending on the mode of data collection, this part of the process can require large amounts of personnel and a significant portion of your budget. Personal (face-to-face) and telephone interviews may require you to use a data collection agency (field service). Internet surveys require fewer personnel, are lower cost, and can be completed in days rather than weeks or months. Regardless of the mode of data collection, the data collection process introduces another essential element to your research project: the importance of clear and constant communication. Stage 8: Analysis and Interpretation In order for data to be useful, you must analyze it. Analysis techniques vary and their effectiveness depends on the types of information oh are collecting, and the type of measurements you are using. Because they are dependent on the data collection, analysis techniques should be decided before this step. Stage 9: The Marketing Research Report The marketing research process culminates with the research report. This report will include all of your information, including an accurate description of your research process, the results, conclusions, and recommended courses of action. The report should provide all the information the decision maker needs to understand the project. It should also be written in language that is easy to understand. It’s important to find a balance between completeness and conciseness. You don’t want to leave any information out; however, you can’t let the information get so technical that it overwhelms the reading audience. One approach to resolving this conflict is to prepare two reports: the technical report and the summary report. The technical report discusses the methods and the underlying assumptions. In this document, you discuss the detailed findings of the research project. The summary report, as its name implies, summarizes the research process and presents the findings and conclusions as simply as possible. Another way to keep your findings clear is to prepare several different representations of your findings. Powering presentations, graphs, and face-to-face reports are all common methods for presenting your information. How to cite Repeat purchasers, Papers

Economic Development Improvement of a Nation

Question: Discuss about the Economic Development for Improvement of a Nation. Answer: Introduction Economic development refers to the process of improvement of a nation. The term Economic development is frequently used in the 20th century. It is concern with the well-being of the people of a region or well-being of people all over the world. Prior to 1970s, development was measured in terms of productivity and increase in GDP. However, economic performance like GDP or GNP, per capita etc. are measures of economic growth, which is also a key attribute to the economic development. Economic development includes the development of the health care system; education and safety and security as well. Development also considers the environment aspect. Development in the developing or less developed worlds is of major importance. It is often seen that a poor nation has improved in terms of output but there is no economic development has taken place. However, many have opined that economic growth will lead to development itself, as increase in income will be spent on human development. Ranis et al. (2012) stated that there is two-way relationship between growth and development. They have stated that, economic growth will increase the spending capacity of the people, which will further improve their well-being. Similarly, economic well-being of the people will further contribute to economic growth. However, economic growth does not ensure equality in the society. This paper will discuss the concept of economic development and it will also verify whether the Millennium Development Goals satisfy the meaning of this economic phenomenon. Economic Development In the traditional economic theories, there is an overlap between economic growth and economic development. The concept of development was quite narrow. In the recent studies of development, the economists directly focus on the poverty; income distribution and unemployment of the nations. Since 1970s, the economic development has been redefined and reducing poverty; unemployment and inequality are the major concerns. It has been seen that in many developing nations the growth rate has increased but it showed little improvement in terms of decline in unemployment; inequality and poverty level (Batt 2012). Development has to be considered as a multidimensional process that also involves changes in the social structure, popular attitudes and national institutions. Through development process, the condition of life must move away from unsatisfactory condition towards a materially and spiritually better life. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen discusses development in terms of capability approach. According to him, development has to be more apprehensive with progressing the live people are living and freedoms people are enjoying. What matters for well-being is not what a person has, rather what use a person can do of the commodities available to him. In this regard, Sen has called it functioning.Controlling own life; freedom of choice is the main aspect of well-being. According to Sens approach, real income or consumption level is not always sufficient to measure the economic well-being.This is because; a person might have higher income but certain essential commodities like nutritious foods is not available and even if one has lot of commodity available they are not desired by the consumers. Well-being of people is psychological state that can be followedtogether with the functioning such as dignity and health. Capability is the freedom of choosing functioning given the personal features of the person and command over the commodities. According to him, human well-being is the sense of being literate; being healthy nourished and long-lived. Sen has argued that, happiness is the human wellbeing. Utility in the sense of happiness is an important functioning relevant to well-being of a person.Level of happiness increases the average income of the country. Capabilities such as education; health and freedom are the major notions of happiness that indicates economic development. Development is a broad concept and it is often questioned that what constitutes the good life and how entire society can be moved towards a better system. Three basic core values serve as a conceptual basis to understand the proper meaning of development. The core values are sustenance; self-esteem and freedom. These are the common goals for all individual in a society. Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of the people. Food; clothing and shelter are necessary to sustain life at the bare minimum level. Life-sustaining basic human needs also includes protection. When any of these needs is absent or lacking, then it is claimed that it is a case of absolute underdevelopment. Without these basic needs life would impossible and economic development is required to improve the quality of life. Self-Esteem is to be a person and not used by others as a tool for their own ends. It is a sense of worth and self-respect. It is a feeling of worthiness in a society that promotes human val ues like dignity; integrity; respect and self-determination (Todaro and Smith 2014). However, the self-esteem varies from society to society because of different culture. The more developed is a society, the more is the worthiness and esteem are attached to the people. Economic development is thus required to gain esteem.Freedom is the ability of people to choose.It involves the prolonged range of choices. It has been argued that economic wealth increases the range of choices. Wealth permits people to attain greater regulatory power over nature than a poor. Development as freedom allows people to choose leisure. It can be said that development is both a state of mind and a physical reality that a society achieves through different economic; social and institutional process and secures better life(Green and Piel 2015). Regardless, the specific components of a better life development have three major objectives, such as: to upsurge the accessibility and extend the circulation of elementary life-sustaining goods, like food; shelter; health and security; To raise living levels in terms of high income, better education, facility of more jobs and devotion of cultural and human values, in order to enhance material well-being and individual self-esteem to enlarge variety of economic and social choice available to people of a nation by releasing them from slavery and dependence in relation to other people as well as from forces of ignorance and human desolation. In the following section, it will verify, whether Millennium Development Goals (MDG) fit into the concept of development discussed above. Millennium Development Goals In 2000, the member countries of United Nation committed to make considerable progress by alleviating poverty and to achieve other human development goal by 2015. The member nations have adopted eight goals is commonly referred as Millennium Development Goals. MDGs recognize multidimensional aspect of development and poverty eradication. This is one of the strongest international commitments taken together to reduce global poverty. The eight goals emphasize on: removing high poverty and hunger; attaining primary education for all; promoting gender equality in order to empower women; improving maternal health; fighting diseases like malaria; HIV/AIDS etc.; reducing child mortality; confirming environment sustainability and establishing global partnership for development (Todaro and Smith 2014). Each goals have some specific targets achievable by 2015. The first goal addresses the problem of poverty. It targets to diminish to half the percentage of people, living below $1 per day and reducing the proportion of people by half who are suffering from hunger. The second goal addresses the problem of illiteracy. It targets to provide all girls and boys a full course of primary education. The third goal addresses the gender inequality and the need for woman empowerment. It targets to remove gender inequality in secondary as well as primary education by 2005 and attaining gender parity at all level by 2015 (Alkire and Sumner 2013). The fourth goal addresses the problem of child mortality. It targets to reduce child mortality rate by 2/3rd. The fifth goal addresses the delinquency in maternal health. It targets to reduce maternal mortality ratio by 3/4th. The sixth goal recognizes problem in terms of health hazards, it targets to inverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and reverse the occurrence of malaria and other diseases. The seventh goal recog nizes the need for sustainable environment. This goal has to be achieved through integrating principle of sustainable development into the policies and programs of the government(Griggs et al. 2013). It has to reverse the loss of conservational resources. Percentage of people without sufficient access to safe drinking water has been targeted to reduce by half. Environment sustainability aimed to be ensured by improving the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. The eighth goal addresses the need for global partnership for development. It targets to assist least developed countries by accessing their export without quota and tariff; improved program for heavily indebted poor countries. More assistance would be provided to the countries that aims to reduce poverty. Corporation among developed and developing nation to implement strategies for a productive and decent work for youth. The major focus of MDGs is to alleviate poverty. The sustainability in environment is essential for securing a way to move away from poverty. This is because; the targets of environment sustainability goal address the needs of the poor. Therefore, it can be said that without protecting the poor it is difficult to escape from poverty. MDGs have also faces some criticism. This is because; many believe that the targets are not ambitious as it only project to reduce past rates within 15 years in future. In some region, after reducing the indicators by half the level is still much higher than the desired level. The goals are not prioritized, as reducing hunger may hinder the achievement of other educational and health targets. However, the correlation of objectives of MDGs might be unspoken and they are treated as stand-alone objective, but actually they are complements of each other (World Health Organization 2013). It is questionable whether MDGs can fit into the definition of developme nt. This is for example, $1 per day is too low to attain the three core values, i.e. sustenance; self-esteem and freedom. The MDGs should have focused on reducing the subsidy on agriculture by the rich nation, which is the major obstacle for less developed nations. Moreover, MDGs do not emphasizes on improving the legal and human rights for poor. It misses the need for slowing down the global warming that has been causing potential harm to the African and south east Asian countries. MDGs targets to make primary education accessible to all. However, attaining this goal is not meaningful if there is no further opportunity for further higher education. This goal can only be achieved if there are school infrastructure and efficient teachers, which are not addressed by MDGs. Though MDGs targets to reduce existing disparity in gender but it less focuses on expanding gender equality (Comim and Nussbaum 2014). It has been argued that MDGs are hard to be achieved by the worst-off countries, thus no significant progress cannot be made by them (Sachs 2012). Measuring the changes in proportion is inappropriate to understand the actual improvement of well-being. For example, halving poverty rate of a country from 10% to 5% represents achieving the target (50% poverty reduction) that reducing poverty rate by another term from 50% to 35% (only 30% reduction). But in real term, the later one has shown better progress, as its baseline is far below. Moreover, the MDGs related to health only focus on child mortality; maternity health and some infectious diseases. This unrecognized several other health issues and overarched the goal of freedom from illness is missing in these objectives (Doddand Cassels 2013). The goals of global partnership are criticised by many authors, as it focuses on commitment of developed nations and ignored the consequences of resource transfer from developing nation. Therefore, empowerment of developing nations is hindered. Therefore, it can be said tha t MDGs do not meet the objective of the development completely. Conclusion Each of the goals are commendable, however, MDGs do have some inherent limitations. The paper has described the concept of economic development. It has identified the well-being parameters and opined that the development is related to human happiness. The Millennium Development Goals aims to achieve certain targets but it bypassed many major aspects of development. By attaining the targets, the society would be better-off but ultimate development of human well-being may not be achieved. References Alkire, S. and Sumner, A., 2013. Multidimensional poverty and the post-2015 MDGs. Development, 56(1), pp.46-51. Batt, H.W., 2012. Development and Wealth: A Georgist Perspective. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 71(4), pp.1004-1046. Comim, F. and Nussbaum, M.C. eds., 2014. Capabilities, gender, equality: towards fundamental entitlements. Cambridge University Press. Dodd, R. and Cassels, A., 2013. Health, development and the Millennium Development Goals. 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